愛德華·托爾曼
認(rèn)知行為主義先驅(qū)
What is learned is not movements but meanings.
學(xué)到的不是動作，而是意義。
The essence of learning is the acquisition of meanings.
學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)是意義的獲得。
Behavior is not just a response to a stimulus, but is guided by expectations and purposes.
行為不僅僅是對刺激的反應(yīng)，而是由期望和目的引導(dǎo)的。
The rat in the maze is not just learning a series of turns, but is building up a cognitive map of the whole situation.
迷宮中的老鼠不僅僅是在學(xué)習(xí)一系列轉(zhuǎn)彎，而是在構(gòu)建整個情境的認(rèn)知地圖。
The cognitive map is not a picture or a model in the head, but a dynamic, changing representation of the environment.
認(rèn)知地圖不是頭腦中的一幅圖或模型，而是環(huán)境的動態(tài)變化表征。
Purposive behavior in animals and men.
動物和人類的有目的行為。
The stimuli which are allowed in are not connected by just simple one-to-one switches to the outgoing responses.
允許進(jìn)入的刺激并不是通過簡單的一對一開關(guān)與輸出反應(yīng)相連的。
The organism learns not only what to do but also what leads to what.
有機體不僅學(xué)會做什么，還學(xué)會什么導(dǎo)致什么。
Learning consists in the modification of certain mediating processes which operate between the stimulus and the response.
學(xué)習(xí)在于改變介于刺激和反應(yīng)之間的某些中介過程。
Behavior, as such, is not to be regarded as a mere chain of muscular contractions, but rather as a purposive and cognitive affair.
行為不應(yīng)被視為僅僅是肌肉收縮的鏈條，而應(yīng)被視為有目的和認(rèn)知的活動。